Retinitis pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa
Classification and external resources

Fundus of patient with retinitis pigmentosa, mid stage (Bone spicule-shaped pigment deposits are present in the mid periphery along with retinal atrophy, while the macula is preserved although with a peripheral ring of depigmentation. Retinal vessels are attenuated.) From a review by Christian Hamel, 2006.
ICD-10 H35.5
ICD-9 362.74
OMIM 268000
MeSH D012174
Normal vision. Courtesy NIH National Eye Institute
The same view with tunnel vision from retinitis pigmentosa. The blackness surrounding the central image does not indicate darkness, but rather a lack of perceived visual information.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of genetic eye conditions that leads to incurable blindness.[1] In the progression of symptoms for RP, night blindness generally precedes tunnel vision by years or even decades. Many people with RP do not become legally blind until their 40s or 50s and retain some sight all their lives.[2] Others go completely blind from RP, in some cases as early as childhood. Progression of RP is different in each case.

RP is a type of progressive retinal dystrophy, a group of inherited disorders in which abnormalities of the photoreceptors (rods and cones) or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the retina lead to progressive visual loss. Affected individuals first experience defective dark adaptation or nyctalopia (night blindness), followed by reduction of the peripheral visual field (known as tunnel vision) and, sometimes, loss of central vision late in the course of the disease.

Contents

Signs

Mottling of the retinal pigment epithelium with black bone-spicule pigmentation is typically indicative (or pathognomonic) of retinitis pigmentosa. Other ocular features include waxy pallor of the optic nerve head, attenuation (thinning) of the retinal vessels, cellophane maculopathy, cystic macular edema and posterior subcapsular cataract.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa relies upon documentation of progressive loss in photoreceptor cell function by electroretinography (ERG) and visual field testing.

The mode of inheritance of RP is determined by family history. At least 35 different genes or loci are known to cause "nonsyndromic RP" (RP that is not the result of another disease or part of a wider syndrome).

DNA testing is available on a clinical basis for:

For all other genes, molecular genetic testing is available on a research basis only.

RP can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked manner. X-linked RP can be either recessive, affecting primarily only males, or dominant, affecting both males and females, although males are usually more mildly affected. Some digenic (controlled by two genes) and mitochondrial forms have also been described.

Genetic counseling depends on an accurate diagnosis, determination of the mode of inheritance in each family, and results of molecular genetic testing.

Associations

Retinitis pigmentosa is seen in a variety of diseases, so the differential of this sign alone, is broad.

Other conditions include neurosyphilis, toxoplasmosis(Emedicine "Retinitis Pigmentosa"), abetalipoproteinemia, and Refsum's disease.

Genetics

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is one of the most common forms of inherited retinal degeneration.[3] This disorder is characterized by the progressive loss of photoreceptor cells and may eventually lead to blindness.[4]

There are multiple genes that, when mutated, can cause the Retinitis pigmentosa phenotype.[5] In 1989, a mutation of the gene for rhodopsin, a pigment that plays an essential part in the visual transduction cascade enabling vision in low-light conditions, was identified. Since then, more than 100 mutations have been found in this gene, accounting for 15% of all types of retinal degeneration. Most of those mutations are missense mutations and inherited mostly in a dominant manner.

The rhodopsin gene encodes a principal protein of photoreceptor outer segments. Studies show that mutations in this gene are responsible for approximately 25% of autosomal dominant forms of RP.[3][6]

Mutations in four pre-mRNA splicing factors are known to cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. These are PRPF3, PRPF8, PRPF31 and PAP1. These factors are ubiquitously expressed and it is still a puzzle as to why defects in a ubiquitous factor should only cause disease in the retina.

Up to 150 mutations have been reported to date in the opsin gene associated with the RP since the Pro23His mutation in the intradiscal domain of the protein was first reported in 1990. These mutations are found throughout the opsin gene and are distributed along the three domains of the protein (the intradiscal, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains). One of the main biochemical causes of RP in the case of rhodopsin mutations is protein misfolding, and molecular chaperones have also been involved in RP.[7] It was found that the mutation of codon 23 in the rhodopsin gene, in which proline is changed to histidine, accounts for the largest fraction of rhodopsin mutations in the United States. Several other studies have reported other mutations which also correlate with the disease. These mutations include Thr58Arg, Pro347Leu, Pro347Ser, as well as deletion of Ile-255.[6][8][9] [10] [11] In 2000, a rare mutation in codon 23 was reported causing autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, in which proline changed to alanine. However, this study showed that the retinal dystrophy associated with this mutation was characteristically mild in presentation and course. Furthermore, there was greater preservation in electroretinography amplitudes than the more prevalent Pro23His mutation.[12]

Treatment

Although incurable the progression of the disease can be reduced by the daily intake of 15000 IU (equivalent to 4.5 mg) of vitamin A palmitate.[13] Recent studies have shown that proper vitamin A supplementation can postpone blindness by up to 10 years (by reducing the 10% loss pa to 8.3% pa).[14]

Research on possible treatments

Future treatments may involve retinal transplants, artificial retinal implants,[15] gene therapy, stem cells, nutritional supplements, and/or drug therapies.

2006: Stem cells: UK Researchers working with mice, transplanted mouse stem cells which were at an advanced stage of development, and already programmed to develop into photoreceptor cells, into mice that had been genetically induced to mimic the human conditions of retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. These photoreceptors developed and made the necessary neural connections to the animal's retinal nerve cells, a key step in the restoration of sight. Previously it was believed that the mature retina has no regenerative ability. This research may in the future lead to using transplants in humans to relieve blindness.[16]

2008: Scientists at the Osaka Bioscience Institute have identified a protein, named Pikachurin, which they believe could lead to a treatment for retinitis pigmentosa.[17][18]

2010: A possible gene therapy seems to work in mice.[1]

2010:R-Tech Ueno(Japanese Medicine manufacture enterprise )Completes Phase II Clinical Study on Ophthalmic Solution UF-021 (Product Name Ocuseva (TM)) on Retinitis Pigmentosa

Notable people with RP

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Genetic Reactivation of Cone Photoreceptors Restores Visual Responses in Retinitis pigmentosa". http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/science.1190897v1. 
  2. ↑ Koenekoop, R.K. (2003). Novel RPGR mutations with distinct retinitis pigmentosa phenotypes in French-Canadian families. American journal of ophthalmology 136(4), pp. 678-68
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hartong DT, Berson EL, Dryja TP (November 2006). "Retinitis pigmentosa". Lancet 368 (9549): 1795–809. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69740-7. PMID 17113430. 
  4. ↑ Farrar GJ, Kenna PF, Humphries P (March 2002). "On the genetics of retinitis pigmentosa and on mutation-independent approaches to therapeutic intervention". EMBO J. 21 (5): 857–64. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.5.857. PMID 11867514. 
  5. ↑ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; RP -268000
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Dryja TP (January 1991). "Ocular findings in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and a rhodopsin gene defect (Pro-23-His)". Arch. Ophthalmol. 109 (1): 92–101. PMID 1987956. 
  7. ↑ Senin II, Bosch L, Ramon E, et al. (October 2006). "Ca2+/recoverin dependent regulation of phosphorylation of the rhodopsin mutant R135L associated with retinitis pigmentosa". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 349 (1): 345–52. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.048. PMID 16934219. 
  8. ↑ Dryja TP, McGee TL, Reichel E, et al. (January 1990). "A point mutation of the rhodopsin gene in one form of retinitis pigmentosa". Nature 343 (6256): 364–6. doi:10.1038/343364a0. PMID 2137202. 
  9. ↑ Dryja TP, McGee TL, Hahn LB, et al. (November 1990). "Mutations within the rhodopsin gene in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa". N. Engl. J. Med. 323 (19): 1302–7. PMID 2215617. 
  10. ↑ Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco C, Dryja TP (May 1991). "Ocular findings in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and rhodopsin, proline-347-leucine". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 111 (5): 614–23. PMID 2021172. 
  11. ↑ Inglehearn CF, Bashir R, Lester DH, Jay M, Bird AC, Bhattacharya SS (January 1991). "A 3-bp deletion in the rhodopsin gene in a family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48 (1): 26–30. PMID 1985460. 
  12. ↑ Oh KT, Weleber RG, Lotery A, Oh DM, Billingslea AM, Stone EM (September 2000). "Description of a new mutation in rhodopsin, Pro23Ala, and comparison with electroretinographic and clinical characteristics of the Pro23His mutation". Arch. Ophthalmol. 118 (9): 1269–76. PMID 10980774. http://archopht.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10980774. 
  13. ↑ Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, et al. (1993). "A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa". Arch. Ophthalmol. 111 (6): 761–72. PMID 8512476. 
  14. ↑ Berson EL (2007). "Long-term visual prognoses in patients with retinitis pigmentosa: the Ludwig von Sallmann lecture". Exp. Eye Res. 85 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2007.03.001. PMID 17531222. 
  15. ↑ Rush University Medical Center (2005-01-31). "Ophthalmologists Implant Five Patients with Artificial Silicon Retina Microchip To Treat Vision Loss from Retinitis Pigmentosa". Press release. http://www.rush.edu/webapps/MEDREL/servlet/NewsRelease?ID=608. Retrieved 2007-06-16. 
  16. ↑ MacLaren, RE; RA Pearson, A MacNeil, RH Douglas, TE Salt, M Akimoto, A Swaroop, JC Sowden, RR Ali (2006-11-09). "Retinal repair by transplantation of photoreceptor precursors". Nature 444 (7116): 203–7. doi:10.1038/nature05161. PMID 17093405. 
  17. ↑ Sato S, Omori Y, Katoh K, et al. (August 2008). "Pikachurin, a dystroglycan ligand, is essential for photoreceptor ribbon synapse formation". Nat. Neurosci. 11 (8): 923–931. doi:10.1038/nn.2160. PMID 18641643. 
  18. ↑ Lightning-Fast Vision Protein Named After Pikachu July 24, 2008
  19. ↑ http://home.comcast.net/~thomaswolf1070/index.html
  20. ↑ http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/23/061023ta_talk_paumgarten

External links